Physical chemistry (3.1)
Atomic structure (3.1.1)
9 min read
Overview of fundamental particles, mass number, isotopes and electron configuration.
Amount of substance (3.1.2)
6 min read
Relative mass and moles, the Avogadro constant, empirical and molecular formula and balancing equations.
Bonding (3.1.3)
15 min read
Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, properties of structure, shapes of molecules and ions, polarity and intermolecular forces.
Energetics (3.1.4)
7 min read
Endothermic and exothermic reactions, enthalpy, calorimetry and Hess's law.
Thermodynamics - AL only (3.1.8)
14 min read
Born-Haber cycles, lattice enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.
Kinetics (3.1.5)
5 min read
Collision theory, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and the impact of different factors on reaction rate.
Rate equations - AL only (3.1.9)
8 min read
The Arrhenius equation and determining the rate equation from experimental data.
Chemical equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc (3.1.6)
4 min read
Equilibrium, the impact of changing various factors on the position of equilibria and the equilibrium constant, Kc.
Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems - AL only (3.1.10)
3 min read
The partial pressure based equilibrium constant, Kp, and related calculations.
Oxidation, reduction and redox equations (3.1.7)
5 min read
Introducing oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions.
Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells - AL only (3.1.11)
10 min read
Using standard electrode potentials to predict redox reactions and describe electrochemical cells.
Acids and bases - AL only (3.1.12)
12 min read
Overview of acids and bases, dissociation constants, pH calculations and buffer systems.