Energetics (Topics 8 and 13)

Understanding the concept of enthalpy, how it can be measured experimentally and the application of Hess's Law.

Relating the strength of bonding in a giant ionic lattice to the lattice energy, and linking this to enthalpies of formation, hydration, solution, atomisation and ionisation.

Entropy as the level of disorder in a system, and Gibbs free energy as a function of the enthalpy and entropy of a system.