{"articleData":{"id":624,"name":"Mitosis","description":"The four major stages of mitotic cell division","image":"https://d3nzlfkeryzt6j.cloudfront.net/hyt2m8pd11rupw0y3qj0gw1rp65p","image_content_type":"image/svg+xml","seo_image":"https://d3nzlfkeryzt6j.cloudfront.net/5hidhs2yab0l8xyzxd8jrzn9t47p","chapters":[{"id":1493,"name":"Prophase","slug":"prophase","blocks":[{"id":8015,"block_type":"Tip","block":{"button_label":null,"display_type":"image","id":4592,"image_a_alt_text":"An educational diagram illustrating the stages of mitosis, labeled as G2 of Interphase, Prophase, Late Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase and Cytokinesis. Each stage includes detailed components such as centrosomes (with centriole pairs), chromatin (duplicated), nucleolus, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, early mitotic spindle, aster, fragments of nuclear envelope, nonkinetochore microtubules, centromere, chromosome (consisting of two sister chromatids), kinetochore, kinetochore microtubule, metaphase plate, spindle, centrosome at one spindle pole, daughter chromosomes, cleavage furrow, and nucleolus forming.","image_b_alt_text":null,"name":"GM_tut_Bio_096","text_content_a_html":"

Mitosis is a cell replication process. It can be divided into several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The final stage of mitosis, which overlaps with telophase, is cytokinesis – the process in which a cell divides into two.

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Just before mitosis, in G₂ of interphase, the cell carries duplicates of each chromosomal pair. Chromosomes are uncondensed and enclosed by a nuclear envelope.

As prophase begins, chromosomes begin to condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleoli disappear and the mitotic spindle begins to radiate from centrosomes – small seeding points for microtubules.

The mitotic spindle is made up of microtubules that attach to chromosomes and will later pull them into daughter cells.

Microtubule–chromosome attachments are mediated by the kinetochore – a protein complex deposited at the centromere (central region) of each chromosome.

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In metaphase, the mitotic spindle is fully formed, with centrosomes at either end of the dividing cell.

All chromosomes are fully condensed, attached to microtubules and aligned at the centre of the cell, also known as the metaphase plate.

At this spindle checkpoint, all chromosomes must be attached to microtubules and correctly aligned. If not, the cell will arrest until the arrangement is corrected.

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In anaphase, proteins that hold together sister chromatids of each chromosome are cleaved, separating them into two individual chromosomes.

The mitotic spindle actively pulls the attached chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell. The cell elongates, pushed by nonkinetochore microtubules, which are microtubules of the mitotic spindle that do not attach to chromosomes.

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In telophase, new nuclear envelopes begin to form around the separated sets of chromosomes. Nucleoli reform.

Chromosomes begin to decondense and the mitotic spindle begins to fragment.

At the same time, cytokinesis occurs: actin filaments are arranged where the metaphase plate once was, pinching the cell into two.
The area where the cell is being pinched forms a cleavage furrow.

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Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase